Introduction The Nagoya Protocol  (“Protocol”) was introduced in the year 2014 to fulfil the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity . Specifically, the Protocol aimed to implement the objective of fair and equitable benefit sharing arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. In pursuance of these notions, Articles 10 and 11 of the Protocol envision scenarios wherein states engage in transboundary cooperation in the use and management of shared genetic

Introduction India follows a judicial system that maintains a pyramidal hierarchy in its functioning, adhering to the doctrine of stare decisis and the express constitutional mandate under Article 141, which establishes that the law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts.   While the United States lacks a constitutional provision for vertical stare decisis , it proposes an intriguing question :  “Why must one follow the Supreme Court when it is not an infall